Neonatal Abstinence Syndrome: The Use of Clonidine as a Treatment Option

Abstract

Infants exposed to opioids in utero and postnatally are at risk for developing withdrawal symptoms upon discontinuation of the drugs. This condition is known as the neonatal abstinence syndrome (NAS). Different medications have been used to ameliorate the symptoms of withdrawal, most commonly opioids. Clonidine has also been evaluated both as an additive and alternative option for the treatment of opioid withdrawal symptoms. Data evaluating the use of clonidine for the treatment of NAS are limited; only six studies have been published. The α-2 adrenergic receptor agonist clonidine is believed to reduce the excessive noradrenergic activity that results from opioid withdrawal. Clonidine has the potential to serve as an attractive option to treat NAS because it possesses a favorable adverse effect profile, is easy to administer, and does not require a long tapering period, unlike other agents currently used to treat NAS. Blood pressure and heart rate must be monitored with clonidine use.