Dioxygen Activation at a Single Copper Site: Structure, Bonding, and Mechanism of Formation of 1:1 Cu−O₂ Adducts

Abstract

To evaluate the fundamental process of O(2) activation at a single copper site that occurs in biological and catalytic systems, a detailed study of O(2) binding to Cu(I) complexes of beta-diketiminate ligands L (L(1) = backbone Me; L(2) = backbone tBu) by X-ray crystallography, X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS), cryogenic stopped-flow kinetics, and theoretical calculations was performed. Using synchrotron radiation, an X-ray diffraction data set for L(2)CuO(2) was acquired, which led to structural parameters in close agreement to theoretical predictions. Significant Cu(III)-peroxo character for the complex was corroborated by XAS. On the basis of stopped-flow kinetics data and theoretical calculations for the oxygenation of L(1)Cu(RCN) (R = alkyl, aryl) in THF and THF/RCN mixtures between 193 and 233 K, a dual pathway mechanism is proposed involving (a) rate-determining solvolysis of RCN by THF followed by rapid oxygenation of L(1)Cu(THF) and (b) direct, bimolecular oxygenation of L(1)Cu(RCN) via an associative process.