Acoustic cavitation and its chemical consequences

TLDR

Acoustic cavitation, arising from bubble collapse that concentrates kinetic energy into extreme local temperatures and pressures, drives sonochemistry and sonoluminescence by enabling chemical reactions under extreme conditions. Sonochemical decomposition of volatile organometallic precursors in low‑volatility solvents yields nanostructured metals, alloys, carbides, sulphides, colloids, and supported catalysts, while also producing protein microspheres that serve as contrast agents and drug‑delivery vehicles. Ultrasound enhances chemical reactivity across mixed‑phase synthesis, materials chemistry, and biomedical fields, producing nanostructured catalysts with high activity and protein microspheres that function as contrast agents and drug‑delivery systems.

Abstract

Acoustic cavitation is responsible for both sonochemistry and sonoluminescence. Bubble collapse in liquids results in an enormous concentration of energy from the conversion of the kinetic energy of liquid motion into heating of the contents of the bubble. The high local temperatures and pressures, combined with extraordinarily rapid cooling, provide a unique means for driving chemical reactions under extreme conditions. A diverse set of applications of ultrasound to enhance chemical reactivity has been explored, with important applications in mixed–phase synthesis, materials chemistry, and biomedical uses. For example, the sonochemical decomposition of volatile organometallic precursors in low–volatility solvents produces nanostructured materials in various forms with high catalytic activities. Nanostructured metals, alloys, carbides and sulphides, nanometre colloids, and nanostructured supported catalysts can all be prepared by this general route. Another important application of sonochemistry to materials chemistry has been the preparation of biomaterials, most notably protein microspheres. Such microspheres have a wide range of biomedical applications, including their use as echo contrast agents for sonography, magnetic resonance imaging contrast enhancement, and oxygen or drug delivery.