Evolutionary regression? Assessing the problem of hidden biases in criminal justice applications using propensity scores

The central role of the propensity score in observational studies for causal effects

Paul R. Rosenbaum, Donald B. Rubin · Biometrika · 1983 · 30.1K citations · Full text

Behavioral Decision Making, Treatment Effect, Conditional Probability +21

Sample Selection Bias as a Specification Error

James J. Heckman · Econometrica · 1979 · 28.4K citations

Econometric Model, Economics, Bias Detection +13

Estimating causal effects of treatments in randomized and nonrandomized studies.

Donald B. Rubin · Journal of Educational Psychology · 1974 · 9.2K citations

Field Experiment, Treatment Effect, Causal Effects +19

Matching As An Econometric Evaluation Estimator: Evidence from Evaluating a Job Training Programme

James J. Heckman, Hidehiko Ichimura, Petra Todd · The Review of Economic Studies · 1997 · 5.4K citations

Human Resource Management, Programme Evaluation Bias, Bias +18

Statistics and Causal Inference

Paul W. Holland · Journal of the American Statistical Association · 1986 · 5K citations

Proximate Cause, Causal Relation Extraction, Causal Inference +16