IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence · 1998 · 1.3K citations · 17 references
ComputingAmerican Sign LanguageComputer ScienceComputer VisionHuman-computer InteractionNatural Language ProcessingHidden Markov ModelsSpeech RecognitionAccuracy In Word IdentificationContinuous Sign Language RecognitionHidden Markov Model TrainingSign Language RecognitionSigned LanguagesWearable SensorsWord Recognition Accuracy
We present two real-time hidden Markov model-based systems for recognizing sentence-level continuous American sign language (ASL) using a single camera to track the user's unadorned hands. The first system observes the user from a desk mounted camera and achieves 92 percent word accuracy. The second system mounts the camera in a cap worn by the user and achieves 98 percent accuracy (97 percent with an unrestricted grammar). Both experiments use a 40-word lexicon.
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An introduction to hidden Markov models
L. R. Rabiner, Biing‐Hwang Juang · IEEE ASSP Magazine · 1986 · 4.8K citations
Hidden Markov Models for Speech Recognition
B.-H. Juang, L. R. Rabiner · Technometrics · 1991 · 608 citations