Fighting Back: Nine Modes of Adaptation to a Deviant Label

Abstract

After a brief review of selected concerns about labelling theory, we focus on two principal indictments: (1) viewing the labellee as overly passive; and (2) viewing the labellee in individual rather than in collective analytical units. Taking the position that labelling stigma has been emphasized to the neglect of systematically delineating “fighting-back” techniques, we present a nine-cell typology of adaptations. These are conceived in terms of tactical and societal relationships considered within a social interaction frame of reference. Stressing process, the typology is developed as possessing entrances, motion within, and exits. Accordingly, adaptation is not limited to single cells but is discussed in terms of hypothetical modular paths.