Instrumentation for monitoring sprayed concrete lined soft ground tunnels

Abstract

This paper presents an evaluation of the field instrumentation that is used in sprayed concrete lined tunnelling projects in soft ground. It discusses the possible roles of instrumentation and monitoring, and describes the principal considerations which govern the selection of instrumentation for effective field monitoring. The paper recommends the strategy of using a small core of reliable and well-understood instrumentation, rather than a proliferation of diverse apparatus and techniques, and augmenting this core with further, well-planned instrumentation if it is needed.