Effects of winter military training on energy balance, whole-body protein balance, muscle damage, soreness, and physical performance

TLDR

Winter military operations lack well‑described physiological consequences. The study examined Norwegian soldiers to determine how short‑term winter training affects energy and protein balance, muscle damage, soreness, and performance, and to inform future nutritional strategies. Daily energy intake and expenditure were measured, and postabsorptive whole‑body protein turnover, muscle damage, soreness, and vertical‑jump performance were assessed at baseline, after a 4‑day military task training phase, and after a 3‑day 54‑km ski march. During the ski march, soldiers’ energy intake rose while protein intake stayed constant, yet energy expenditure surpassed intake; protein synthesis, breakdown, and flux all increased, leading to a negative whole‑body protein balance, accompanied by heightened muscle damage, soreness, and reduced vertical‑jump performance.

Abstract

Physiological consequences of winter military operations are not well described. This study examined Norwegian soldiers (n = 21 males) participating in a physically demanding winter training program to evaluate whether short-term military training alters energy and whole-body protein balance, muscle damage, soreness, and performance. Energy expenditure (D2(18)O) and intake were measured daily, and postabsorptive whole-body protein turnover ([(15)N]-glycine), muscle damage, soreness, and performance (vertical jump) were assessed at baseline, following a 4-day, military task training phase (MTT) and after a 3-day, 54-km ski march (SKI). Energy intake (kcal·day(-1)) increased (P < 0.01) from (mean ± SD (95% confidence interval)) 3098 ± 236 (2985, 3212) during MTT to 3461 ± 586 (3178, 3743) during SKI, while protein (g·kg(-1)·day(-1)) intake remained constant (MTT, 1.59 ± 0.33 (1.51, 1.66); and SKI, 1.71 ± 0.55 (1.58, 1.85)). Energy expenditure increased (P < 0.05) during SKI (6851 ± 562 (6580, 7122)) compared with MTT (5480 ± 389 (5293, 5668)) and exceeded energy intake. Protein flux, synthesis, and breakdown were all increased (P < 0.05) 24%, 18%, and 27%, respectively, during SKI compared with baseline and MTT. Whole-body protein balance was lower (P < 0.05) during SKI (-1.41 ± 1.11 (-1.98, -0.84) g·kg(-1)·10 h) than MTT and baseline. Muscle damage and soreness increased and performance decreased progressively (P < 0.05). The physiological consequences observed during short-term winter military training provide the basis for future studies to evaluate nutritional strategies that attenuate protein loss and sustain performance during severe energy deficits.