Synthesis of Phytochelatins and Homo-Phytochelatins in Pisum sativum L

Abstract

In the roots of pea plants (Pisum sativum L.) cultivated with 20 [mu]M CdCl2 for 3 d, synthesis of phytochelatins [PCs or ([gamma]EC)nG, where [gamma]EC is [gamma]glutamylcysteine and G is glycine] and homophytochelatins [h-PCs, ([gamma]EC)n[beta]-alanine] is accompanied by a drastic decrease in glutathione (GSH) content, but an increase in homoglutathione (h-GSH) content. In contrast, the in vitro activity of GSH synthetase increases 5-fold, whereas h-GSH synthetase activity increases regardless of Cd exposure. The consititutive enzyme PC synthase, which catalyzes the transfer of the [gamma]-EC moiety of GSH to an acceptor GSH molecule thus producing ([gamma]EC)2G, is activated by heavy metals, with Cd and Cu being strong activators and Zn being a very poor activator. Using h-GSH or hm-GSH for substrate, the synthesis rate of([gamma]EC)2[beta]-alanine and [gamma]EC)2-serine is only 2.4 and 0.3%, respectively, of the sythesis rate of ([gamma]EC)2G with GSH as substrate. However, in the presence of a constant GSH level, increasing the concentration of h-GSH or hm-GSH results in increased synthesis of ([gamma]EC)2[beta]-alanine or ([gamma]EC)2-serine, respecively; simultaneously, the synthesis of ([gamma]EC)2G is inhibited. [gamma]EC is not a substrate of PC synthase. These results are best explained by assuming that PC synthase has a [gamma]EC donor binding site, which is very specific for GSH, and a [gamma]EC acceptor binding site, which is less specific and accepts several tripeptides, namely GSH, h-GSH, and hm-GSH.