Publication | Open Access

Evaluation of the isoflurane‐sparing effects of fentanyl, lidocaine, ketamine, dexmedetomidine, or the combination lidocaine‐ketamine‐dexmedetomidine during ovariohysterectomy in dogs

Postoperative Pain ManagementVeterinary ScienceCombination Lidocaine‐ketamine‐dexmedetomidineAnesthesia PracticePain ManagementSurgeryAnesthesiaMedicineAnesthetic PharmacologyIsoflurane‐sparing EffectsAnesthesiology