Canalization of the Urethral Plate Precedes Fusion of the Urethral Folds during Male Penile Urethral Development: The Double Zipper Hypothesis

Abstract

The human male urethra appears to form by 2 mechanisms, an initial "opening zipper" that facilitates distal canalization of the solid urethral plate to form the urethral groove, which involves a high rate of epithelial proliferation (apoptosis not observed), and a "closing zipper" facilitating fusion of the 2 epithelial surfaces of the urethral groove, and thus extending the penile urethra distally. Improved knowledge of the molecular mechanisms of these processes is critical to understanding mechanisms of abnormal urethral development, such as hypospadias.