<i>FAO-56</i> Dual Crop Coefficient Method for Estimating Evaporation from Soil and Application Extensions

TLDR

Crop coefficient curves offer a simple, reproducible way to estimate crop evapotranspiration from reference ET values. The study aims to improve daily crop ET simulation by separately accounting for soil evaporation and to introduce extensions that enhance accuracy when needed. The FAO‑56 dual crop coefficient method uses basal coefficients for crops with dry soil and a separate soil‑surface water‑balance to predict evaporation, and adds three extensions—parallel balances for irrigation/precipitation, staged drying for deep‑cracking soils, and a transpiration‑extraction component. Sensitivity analyses show moderate impact of the extensions on daily ET, and the dual Kc procedure estimates lysimeter‑measured ET reasonably well across bare, partially, and fully vegetated periods.

Abstract

Crop coefficient curves provide simple, reproducible means to estimate crop evapotranspiration (ET) from weather-based reference ET values. The dual crop coefficient (Kc) method of the Food and Agricultural Organization of the United States (FAO) Irrigation and Drainage Paper No. 56 (FAO-56) is intended to improve daily simulation of crop ET by considering separately the contribution of evaporation from soil. The dual method utilizes "basal" crop coefficients representing ET from crops having a dry soil surface and separately predicts evaporation from bare soil based on a water balance of the soil surface layer. Three extensions to the evaporation calculation procedure are described here that are intended to improve accuracy when applications warrant the extra complexity. The first extension uses parallel water balances representing the portion of the soil surface wetted by irrigation and precipitation together and the portion wetted by precipitation alone. The second extension uses three "stages" for surface drying and provides for application to deep cracking soils. The third extension predicts the extraction of the transpiration component from the soil surface layer. Sensitivity and analyses and illustrations indicate moderate sensitivity of daily calculated ET to application of the extensions. The dual Kc procedure, although relatively simple computationally and structurally, estimates daily ET as measured by lysimeter relatively well for periods of bare soil and partial and full vegetation cover.