2004 · 425 citations · 8 references
ComputingComputer ScienceAcousticsMachine LearningNatural Language ProcessingEmotion RecognitionEmotional ExpressionSpeech AcousticsSpeech RecognitionSpoken CorporaSupport Vector MachinesAutomatic Emotion RecognitionAutomatic RecognitionEmotion Recognition EvaluationEmotion Recognition From SpeechGaussian Mixture ModelsMultimodal Affective State RecognitionMultimodal Emotion RecognitionRobust Emotion Recognition
In this paper we introduce a novel approach to the combination of acoustic features and language information for a most robust automatic recognition of a speaker's emotion. Seven discrete emotional states are classified throughout the work. Firstly a model for the recognition of emotion by acoustic features is presented. The derived features of the signal-, pitch-, energy, and spectral contours are ranked by their quantitative contribution to the estimation of an emotion. Several different classification methods including linear classifiers, Gaussian mixture models, neural nets, and support vector machines are compared by their performance within this task. Secondly an approach to emotion recognition by the spoken content is introduced applying belief network based spotting for emotional key-phrases. Finally the two information sources are integrated in a soft decision fusion by using a neural net. The gain is evaluated and compared to other advances. Two emotional speech corpora used for training and evaluation are described in detail and the results achieved applying the propagated novel advance to speaker emotion recognition are presented and discussed.
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Emotion recognition in human-computer interaction
Roddy Cowie, Ellen Douglas‐Cowie, Nicolas Tsapatsoulis et al. · IEEE Signal Processing Magazine · 2001 · 2.6K citations · Full text
Computing, Linguistics, Psychology +17
Speech emotion recognition using hidden Markov models
Tin Lay Nwe, Say Wei Foo · Speech Communication · 2003 · 917 citations
Hidden Markov model-based speech emotion recognition
Björn W. Schuller, Gerhard Rigoll, M. Lang · 2003 · 581 citations
Speech emotion recognition using hidden Markov models
Albino Nogueiras Rodríguez, Asunción Moreno, Antonio Bonafonte et al. · 2001 · 231 citations