First Solar's CdTe module manufacturing experience; environmental, health and safety results

Abstract

Consistent with First Solar's proactive cadmium-containing material management practices such as CdTe PV module recycling, this paper reviews their activities and results in preventing environmental exposures and human health risks associated with cadmium materials processing during module manufacturing. Industrial hygiene data for manufacturing activities are presented and engineering controls are discussed. Medical monitoring results comparing recently hired to long-term employees and smokers is reported. Environmental releases to air, water and land have been quantified. The First Solar safety management system is outlined.