Beyond CO₂‐fixation by Rubisco – an interpretation of ¹³C/¹²C variations in tree rings from novel intra‐seasonal studies on broad‐leaf trees

Abstract

Abstract Evidence is presented for a very specific, seasonally recurring tri‐phase carbon isotope pattern in tree rings of broad‐leaf deciduous tree species. It is derived from highly resolved intra‐annual measurements of 13 C/ 12 C ratios of wood and cellulose from tree rings of Fagus sylvatica , Populus nigra , Quercus petraea and Morus alba . Investigations on δ 13 C from buds and leaves of Fagus sylvatica revealed a similar tri‐phase δ 13 C pattern. At the very beginning of a growing season, the δ 13 C trend of tree rings and foliage shows a marked increase of up to 5‰. The maximum δ 13 C‐value of each vegetation period always occurs in young heterotrophic leaves shortly after bud burst and persistently in the early wood of each tree ring, when growth depends on carbon reserves. Thereafter, δ 13 C profiles represent the autotrophic stage of the leaves, which show different patterns of variation, by and large characterized by a decline. The minimum δ 13 C‐value always shows up in the late wood of each tree ring. At the very end of each tree ring δ 13 C‐values start rising again. This increase in δ 13 C marks the gradual switch‐over to storage‐dependent growth and can also be observed in senescent leaves. Seasonal changes of more than 4‰ were measured, whereas contiguous δ 13 C values rarely differed from each other by more than 0.3‰. This tri‐phase pattern cannot be explained by the common model of carbon isotope fractionation during photosynthesis. It appears to be primarily an indication of seasonal changes in down‐stream processes of the carbohydrate metabolism. Environmental influences on the carbon isotope fractionation during photosynthesis are presumably of secondary importance and expressed by certain peculiarities showing up during the autotrophic phase, i.e. the mid‐section of the seasonal δ 13 C pattern.