Maternal depression from early pregnancy to 4 years postpartum in a prospective pregnancy cohort study: implications for primary health care

Abstract

OBJECTIVE: To describe the prevalence of maternal depression from pregnancy to 4 years postpartum, and the risk factors for depressive symptoms at 4 years postpartum. DESIGN: Prospective pregnancy cohort study of nulliparous women. SETTING: Melbourne, Australia. SAMPLE: In all, 1507 women completed baseline data in pregnancy (mean gestation 15 weeks). METHODS: Women were recruited from six public hospitals. Questionnaires were completed at recruitment and 3, 6, 12 and 18 months postpartum, and 4 years postpartum. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Scores ≥13 on the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale were used to indicate depressive symptoms. RESULTS: Almost one in three women reported depressive symptoms at least once in the first 4 years after birth. The prevalence of depressive symptoms at 4 years postpartum was 14.5%, and was higher than at any time-point in the first 12 months postpartum. Women with one child at 4 years postpartum were more likely to report depressive symptoms at this time compared with women with subsequent children (22.9 versus 11.3%), and this association remained significant in adjusted models (Adjusted odds ratio 1.71, 95% confidence interval 1.12-2.63). CONCLUSIONS: Maternal depression is more common at 4 years postpartum than at any time in the first 12 months postpartum, and women with one child at 4 years postpartum report significantly higher levels of depressive symptoms than women with subsequent children. There is a need for scaling up of current services to extend surveillance of maternal mental health to cover the early years of parenting.