Soft Langmuir–Blodgett Technique for Hard Nanomaterials

TLDR

Materials and assemblies at the nanometer scale attract scientific interest due to unique properties, and the Langmuir–Blodgett technique enables alignment of rigid nanomaterials through flexible assembly at liquid interfaces. The review summarizes the development of assembling hard nanomaterials with soft Langmuir–Blodgett techniques. It outlines basic features of hard nanomaterials, describes Langmuir–Blodgett assemblies across morphologies, and discusses remaining challenges while comparing with soft‑material LB methods. Orientation‑controlled hard nanomaterials have been fabricated and integrated into prototype gas‑sensing and photocurrent‑transport devices.

Abstract

Abstract Materials and their assemblies of dimensions down to a few nanometers have attracted considerable scientific interest in physical, chemical, and biological sciences because of unique properties not available in their bulk counterparts. The Langmuir–Blodgett (LB) technique allows rigid nanomaterials to be aligned in particular structures through a flexible assembly process at liquid interfaces. In this review, we summarize the development of assembly of hard nanomaterials using soft LB techniques. An initial summary of the basic features of nanomaterials will include dimension‐related effects, synthesis, characterization, and analysis, and will be followed by examples of LB assemblies of nanomaterials described according to their morphology: nanoparticles, nanorods, nanowires, nanotubes, and nanosheets. Some of the nanomaterials have been fabricated in orientation‐controlled morphologies, and have been incorporated into prototype devices for gas sensing and photocurrent transport. In the final part of this review, the challenges remaining for LB techniques of hard nanomaterials will be overviewed, and will include a comparison with the widely‐used LB technique involving soft materials.