Nutritional limitations during poultry embryonic development

Abstract

Nutrient deposits in the fertile egg affect broiler embryo development and hatchling quality. Although the fertile egg has a defined nutrient composition, the rate and mechanism of absorption of these nutrients by the yolk sac membrane (YSM) and by the embryonic intestine are largely unknown. Current research by our group is focused on the levels of the macronutrients (fat, protein, water, and carbohydrates) and micronutrients (P, Ca, Fe, Zn, Cu, and Mn) in the yolk and the albumen, and their utilization from the yolk sac during incubation. In addition, the physiological, cellular, and molecular mechanisms by which the developing embryo derives its nutrition via the YSM are investigated. Different limitations in yolk mineral and fat availability and in their utilization by the embryo during incubation have been observed. These findings contribute to a better understanding of the ability and capacity of the YSM to digest and transport nutrients; provide insight into the role of the YSM as similar to that of the intestine and, to some extent, to that of the liver; and lead to new perspectives on the role of the yolk sac in supplying nutrients to the embryo for its optimal development.