Diagnostic markers of infection: comparison of procalcitonin with C reactive protein and leucocyte count

TLDR

Procalcitonin has been advocated as a marker of bacterial infection in critically ill children admitted to the PICU. The study aimed to compare procalcitonin with C reactive protein and leucocyte count as diagnostic markers of infection in critically ill children in a PICU. Procalcitonin, C reactive protein, and leucocyte count were measured in 175 children on PICU admission, and patients were classified into non‑infected controls, viral infection, localized bacterial infection, bacterial meningitis/encephalitis, or septic shock, with six presumed septic shock cases analyzed separately. Admission procalcitonin was markedly higher in septic shock (median 94.6 ng/ml) than in localized bacterial infection, viral infection, or controls, yielding an AUC of 0.96 versus 0.83 for C reactive protein and 0.51 for leucocyte count; a cutoff of >20 ng/ml predicted septic shock, while >2 ng/ml identified all bacterial meningitis or septic shock cases.

Abstract

Procalcitonin has been advocated as a marker of bacterial infection.To evaluate diagnostic markers of infection in critically ill children, comparing procalcitonin with C reactive protein and leucocyte count in a paediatric intensive care unit (PICU).Procalcitonin, C reactive protein, and leucocyte count were measured in 175 children, median age 16 months, on admission to the PICU. Patients were classified as: non-infected controls (43); viral infection (14); localised bacterial infection without shock (25); bacterial meningitis/encephalitis (10); or septic shock (77). Six children with "presumed septic shock" (without sufficient evidence of infection) were analysed separately. Optimum sensitivity, specificity, predictive values, and area under the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve were evaluated.Admission procalcitonin was significantly higher in children with septic shock (median 94.6; range 3.3-759.8 ng/ml), compared with localised bacterial infection (2.9; 0-24.3 ng/ml), viral infection (0.8; 0-4.4 ng/ml), and non-infected controls (0; 0-4.9 ng/ml). Children with bacterial meningitis had a median procalcitonin of 25.5 (7.2-118.4 ng/ml). Area under the ROC curve was 0.96 for procalcitonin, 0.83 for C reactive protein, and 0.51 for leucocyte count. Cut off concentrations for optimum prediction of septic shock were: procalcitonin > 20 ng/ml and C reactive protein > 50 mg/litre. A procalcitonin concentration > 2 ng/ml identified all patients with bacterial meningitis or septic shock.In critically ill children the admission procalcitonin concentration is a better diagnostic marker of infection than C reactive protein or leucocyte count. A procalcitonin concentration of 2 ng/ml might be useful in differentiating severe bacterial disease in infants and children.