Review of wave-driven sediment resuspension and transport in estuaries

TLDR

Waves are fundamentally important to the physical and biological functioning of estuaries, and estuarine intertidal flats serve as natural laboratories for fundamental sediment transport studies. The study aims to understand and predict contaminant transport, sedimentary structure development, geomorphological responses to external forcings such as sea‑level rise, and ecosystem responses to contaminant stressors by elucidating the relative roles of wave‑ and current‑driven sediment transport. We review wave‑driven sediment resuspension and transport in estuaries, covering bed shear stress generation, initiation of sediment motion, and the modulation, addition, and interaction of wave‑driven transport with current‑driven transport. Wave‑induced forces vary dramatically in space and time, and analytical, statistical, and experimental studies show that waves resuspend fine sediments, erode intertidal flats, fluidize subtidal beds, and exert a key control on estuarine morphology, with open‑coast predictors applicable to short‑period estuarine waves.

Abstract

Waves are fundamentally important to the physical and biological functioning of estuaries. Understanding and predicting contaminant transport, development of sedimentary structures, geomorphological response to changes in external forcings such as rising sea level, and response of estuarine ecosystems to contaminant stressors require understanding of the relative roles of wave- and current-driven sediment transport. We review wave-driven sediment resuspension and transport in estuaries, including generation of bed shear stress by waves, initiation of sediment motion by waves, and the ways waves modulate, add to, and interact with sediment transport driven by currents. A key characteristic of the wave-induced force on the seabed is extreme spatial and temporal variations; simple analytical models are revealing of the way such patterns develop. Statistical methods have been widely applied to predict wave resuspension of intertidal-flat bed sediments, and physically based predictors of resuspension developed from open-coast studies appear to also apply to short-period estuarine waves. There is ample experimental evidence to conclude that over the long term, waves erode and tidal currents accrete intertidal flats. Waves indirectly add to the formation of fluid mud by adding to the estuarine pool of fine sediment, and waves may fluidize subtidal seabeds, changing bed erodibility. Models have been used to explore the dynamic balance between sediment transport by waves and by currents and have revealed the key control of waves on estuarine morphology. Estuarine intertidal flats are excellent natural laboratories that offer opportunities for working on a number of fundamental problems in sediment transport.