Emerging infectious diseases · 2007 · 571 citations · 21 references
Life SciencesEntomologyInfectious Disease ControlBiological ControlInsect EcologyVector-borne Disease ControlInsect ResistanceInsecticide ResistanceMalariaMosquito BiologyMosquito ControlMosquito-borne DiseasesAnopheles Mosquito BiologyAnopheles MosquitoesEsterase ActivityIndoor Residual SprayingInsecticide-treated Bed NetsMalaria ResistancePyrethroid ResistanceResistance In Mosquitoes
The pyrethroid knockdown resistance gene (kdr) has become widespread in Anopheles gambiae in West Africa. A trial to test the continuing efficacy of insecticide-treated nets (ITN) and indoor residual spraying (IRS) was undertaken in experimental huts at 2 sites in Benin, the first where kdr is present at high frequency (Ladji), the second-where An. gambiae is susceptible (Malanville). Holes were made in the nets to mimic worn nets. At Malanville, 96% of susceptible An. gambiae were inhibited from blood-feeding, whereas at Ladji feeding was uninhibited by ITNs. The mortality rate of An. gambiae in ITN huts was 98% in Malanville but only 30% at Ladji. The efficacy of IRS was equally compromised. Mosquitoes at Ladji had higher oxidase and esterase activity than in a laboratory-susceptible strain, but this fact did not seem to contribute to resistance. Pyrethroid resistance in An. gambiae appears to threaten the future of ITN and IRS in Benin.
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Status of pyrethroid resistance in Anopheles gambiae sensu lato.
Fabrice Chandre, F. Darrier, L. Manga et al. · PubMed · 1999 · 334 citations