Love, eye contact and the developmental origins of empathy <i>v.</i> psychopathy

TLDR

The study tests whether psychopathic traits arise from a failure to attend to attachment figures’ eyes during a love interaction in young children. Children and mothers were observed during a love interaction, with eye contact and affection recorded for each dyad, revealing no difference in mothers’ behavior across groups. Children with ODD and high callous‑unemotional traits showed reduced affection and lower eye contact toward mothers, with eye‑contact deficits linked to paternal psychopathic fearlessness and independent of maternal behavior.

Abstract

A propensity to attend to other people's emotions is a necessary condition for human empathy.To test our hypothesis that psychopathic disorder begins as a failure to attend to the eyes of attachment figures, using a `love' scenario in young children.Children with oppositional defiant disorder, assessed for callous-unemotional traits, and a control group were observed in a love interaction with mothers. Eye contact and affection were measured for each dyad.There was no group difference in affection and eye contact expressed by the mothers. Compared with controls, children with oppositional defiant disorder expressed lower levels of affection back towards their mothers; those with high levels of callous-unemotional traits showed significantly lower levels of affection than the children lacking these traits. As predicted, the former group showed low levels of eye contact toward their mothers. Low eye contact was not correlated with maternal coercive parenting or feelings toward the child, but was correlated with psychopathic fearlessness in their fathers.Impairments in eye contact are characteristic of children with callous-unemotional traits, and these impairments are independent of maternal behaviour.