Products of trace methane oxidation during nonmethyltrophic growth by <i>Methanosarcina</i>

Abstract

Our understanding of the metabolic pathways involved in the anaerobic oxidation of methane (AOM) is challenged by not having an isolated anaerobic methanotroph. Fortunately, trace methane oxidation (TMO) is carried out by isolated organisms closely related to anaerobic methanotrophs. As TMO likely shares metabolic similarities with the AOM metabolism, studies of TMO in culture experiments can serve to enhance our understanding of AOM. Here we explored TMO in cultures of Methanosarcina acetivorans grown separately on acetate and carbon monoxide. We observed no methane oxidation to carbon dioxide in the cultures grown on acetate, but did observe methane oxidation to acetate (1.1 × 10 −6 ± 3.5 × 10 −8 moles CH 4 oxidized, 0.10% of the CH 4 produced). Methane was exclusively converted to the methyl position. Because AOM lipids exhibit strong 13 C depletion in nature, our results imply acetate does not play a major role as an AOM intermediate. The carbon monoxide cultures showed little or no methane conversion to carbon dioxide (1.9 × 10 −7 ± 2.0 × 10 −7 moles CH 4 oxidized), moderate methane oxidation to acetate (1.8 × 10 −7 ± 7.3 × 10 −8 moles CH 4 oxidized, 0.14% of biogenic CH 4 production), and high methane conversion to the methyl groups of product methyl sulfides (4.0 × 10 −6 ± 7.7 × 10 −7 moles CH 4 oxidized, 3.1% of biogenic CH 4 production). Taken together, our results identify methyl sulfides as more likely intermediates in natural AOM than acetate.