Coronary heart disease after prenatal exposure to the Dutch famine, 1944-45

TLDR

The study aimed to determine whether prenatal exposure to the Dutch famine increased coronary heart disease risk in later life. A historical cohort of singletons born 1943–1947 with detailed birth records was used to compare coronary heart disease prevalence among those exposed to famine at different gestational stages versus non‑exposed controls. Early gestation famine exposure was associated with a higher prevalence of coronary heart disease (8.8% vs 3.2%; OR 3.0, 95% CI 1.1–8.1), while mid‑ and late‑gestation exposure showed no increase, and the association was independent of birth weight.

Abstract

<h3>OBJECTIVE</h3> To assess the effect of prenatal exposure to maternal malnutrition on coronary heart disease in people born around the time of the Dutch famine, 1944–45. <h3>DESIGN</h3> Historical cohort study. <h3>SETTING</h3> Community study. <h3>PATIENTS</h3> Singletons born alive between November 1943 and February 1947 for whom detailed birth records were available. <h3>DESIGN</h3> The prevalence of coronary heart disease was compared between those exposed to famine in late gestation (n = 120), in mid-gestation (n = 108), or in early gestation (n = 68), and those born in the year before the famine or those conceived in the year after the famine (non-exposed subjects, n = 440). <h3>MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES</h3> Prevalence of coronary heart disease, defined as the presence of angina pectoris according to the Rose questionnaire, Q waves on the ECG, or a history of coronary revascularisation. <h3>RESULTS</h3> The prevalence of coronary heart disease was higher in those exposed in early gestation than in non-exposed people (8.8% <i>v</i> 3.2%; odds ratio adjusted for sex 3.0, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.1 to 8.1). The prevalence was not increased in those exposed in mid gestation (0.9%) or late gestation (2.5%). People with coronary heart disease tended to have lower birth weights (3215 g <i>v </i>3352 g, p = 0.13), and smaller head circumferences at birth (32.2 cm<i>v</i> 32.8 cm, p = 0.05), but the effect of exposure to famine in early gestation was independent of birth weight (adjusted odds ratio 3.2, 95% CI 1.2 to 8.8). <h3>CONCLUSIONS</h3> Although the numbers are very small, this is the first evidence suggesting that maternal malnutrition during early gestation contributes to the occurrence of coronary heart disease in the offspring.