Clayey Cap-Rock Behavior in H₂O-CO₂ Media at Low Pressure and Temperature Conditions: An Experimental Approach

Abstract

Abstract The storage of CO 2 in geological reservoirs requires an understanding of the impact of CO 2 on clay-rich sealing cap-rocks to identify and explore critical parameters that modify petrophysical properties such as permeability and fracturing. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of heating, under different hydrated-CO 2 partial pressures, on the chemical compositions and relative amounts of mineral phases in the Saint Martin de Bossenay (SMB, Paris Basin, France) cap-rock in order to identify possible mineral-phase transitions and to estimate reaction kinetics induced by the presence of excess dissolved CO 2 . X-ray diffraction, transmission electron microscopy, and electron microprobe analyses were employed to study mineral alteration, with particular attention given to visualization and quantification of the mineral evolution of clay minerals. In all the altered mixtures investigated, the illitization of clays was combined with the formation of anhydrite. These changes were accompanied by a dolomitization and a slight increase in the quartz content. The CO 2 -rich samples crystallized Fe 2+ -and K + -enriched illites, whereas the CO 2 -free experiments precipitated Al 3+ -deprived and Mg 2+ -enriched illites. Advanced characterizations of cap-rock material allowed reaction paths, induced by the increase in dissolved CO 2 in the porous media, to be determined precisely. The results place strong constraints on numerical models aimed at evaluating the safety of an SMB site.