Invasion dynamics of Lantana camara L. (sensu lato) in South Africa

Abstract

Lantana camara L. (sensu lato) has a wide range of impacts throughout its global invasive range. Here we review the mechanisms driving its
\ninvasion dynamics in South Africa at national (biome, habitat) and regional (within a protected area) scales. Although only three introduction
\nevents into South Africa have been recorded (the earliest in 1858), as of 1998 L. camara was found in over 2million ha (total area), with a
\ncondensed area of about 70,000 ha. Moreover, L. camara is present in most of the country's major biomes and a diversity of habitats, confirming its
\nbroad ecological tolerance. Using correlative bioclimatic models, we show that under future climate conditions, L. camara's range in South Africa
\ncould expand considerably over the coming decades. While human-mediated dispersal and climatic suitability have been crucial in shaping L.
\ncamara's current broad-scale distribution in South Africa, dispersal by birds and along rivers are important drivers of invasion at landscape scales.
\nFor example, current evidence suggests that in the Kruger National Park, L. camara has spread primarily along rivers. We conclude with a
\ndiscussion on the implications of the different invasion dynamics for biological control and management, and provide recommendations for future
\nresearch.