BMJ · 2002 · 1K citations · 20 references
Public HealthBehavioral SciencesPsychiatryAdolescent HealthAdolescent PsychiatrySubstance Use DisordersAdolescent DepressionAdolescent Health EpidemiologyAnxiety DisordersBehavioral Health EpidemiologyPsychiatric EpidemiologySubstance UseAdolescent Cannabis UseCohort Study InvestigationDrug Use By AdolescentsDrug Use EpidemiologySubstance Use EpidemiologySubstance Use In AdolescenceYoung Adult Cannabis UseYoung Women
The study aimed to assess whether adolescent cannabis use increases the likelihood of depression and anxiety in young adulthood. A seven‑wave cohort of 1,601 Victorian secondary students aged 14–15 was followed for seven years, with depression and anxiety measured at wave 7 using a revised clinical interview schedule, and cannabis use tracked throughout. Daily cannabis use in young women and weekly or more frequent use in teenagers were associated with a 5.6‑fold and 1.9‑fold higher odds of later depression and anxiety, respectively, while adolescent depression did not predict subsequent cannabis use, indicating that frequent use—especially daily—poses a substantial risk and warrants prevention efforts.
To determine whether cannabis use in adolescence predisposes to higher rates of depression and anxiety in young adulthood.Seven wave cohort study over six years.44 schools in the Australian state of Victoria.A statewide secondary school sample of 1601 students aged 14-15 followed for seven years.Interview measure of depression and anxiety (revised clinical interview schedule) at wave 7.Some 60% of participants had used cannabis by the age of 20; 7% were daily users at that point. Daily use in young women was associated with an over fivefold increase in the odds of reporting a state of depression and anxiety after adjustment for intercurrent use of other substances (odds ratio 5.6, 95% confidence interval 2.6 to 12). Weekly or more frequent cannabis use in teenagers predicted an approximately twofold increase in risk for later depression and anxiety (1.9, 1.1 to 3.3) after adjustment for potential baseline confounders. In contrast, depression and anxiety in teenagers predicted neither later weekly nor daily cannabis use.Frequent cannabis use in teenage girls predicts later depression and anxiety, with daily users carrying the highest risk. Given recent increasing levels of cannabis use, measures to reduce frequent and heavy recreational use seem warranted.
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Early onset cannabis use and psychosocial adjustment in young adults
David M. Fergusson, L. John Horwood · Addiction · 1997 · 488 citations
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Cannabis Abuse as a Risk Factor for Depressive Symptoms
Gregory Bovasso · American Journal of Psychiatry · 2001 · 457 citations