Journal of Social Issues · 1990 · 807 citations · 21 references
Social SciencesSocial PsychologyChild DevelopmentSocial PerceptionStereotypingGender BiasGender DevelopmentGender DifferencesGender RolesGender StereotypesStereotypesBiasesGender Role DifferentiationGender Role StereotypingOccupational Gender StereotypesPerceptual BiasSex Role StereotypesSex Role StereotypingSocial Role Stereotypes
Gender segregation persists across many activities and occupations. The article examines how parents, through expectancy effects, influence children’s engagement in gender‑stereotyped activities, outlines theoretical bases for these effects, and proposes a model of the underlying processes. It distinguishes between accurate and biased parental perceptions of children’s competencies and interests in gender‑stereotyped domains. Studies reveal that parents distort perceptions of their children’s abilities in math and sports, attribute performance differently based on child gender, and that these biases shape children’s self‑perceptions and activity choices.
Gender segregation continues to exist in many activity and occupational domains. This article uses the expectancy effect perspective to analyze the role parents may play in influencing their children to engage in gender role stereotyped activities. It outlines the theoretical bases for such effects, and discusses how to distinguish between accuracy and perceptual bias in parents' gender role differentiated perceptions of their children's competencies and interests. Then it summarizes the results of a series of studies, which show that parents distort their perceptions of their own children in gender role stereotypic activities such as math and sports, that the child's gender affects parents' causal attributions for their children's performance in gender role stereotypic activities, and that these perceptual biases influence the children's own self‐perceptions and activity choices. Finally, the article presents a theoretical model of how these processes may occur.
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