A unifying view of the spectral energy distributions of blazars

TLDR

Blazar samples show that γ‑ray detected sources have similar redshift, radio, X‑ray luminosities and broad‑band spectral indices to non‑detected ones, indicating no obvious selection bias. The study compiles multi‑frequency data from radio to γ‑ray for three complete blazar samples and computes average spectral energy distributions for each sample and for luminosity‑based bins. The analysis reveals that γ‑ray detection rates rise with sample luminosity, the SED peaks shift to lower frequencies for more luminous blazars, the γ‑ray peak frequency tracks the low‑energy peak, and the high‑to‑low luminosity ratio grows with bolometric output, supporting a luminosity‑driven unification of BL Lacs and FSRQs.

Abstract

We collect data at well-sampled frequencies from the radio to the γ-ray range for the following three complete samples of blazars: the Slew survey, the 1-Jy samples of BL Lacs and the 2-Jy sample of flat-spectrum radio-loud quasars (FSRQs). The fraction of objects detected in γ-rays (E ≳ 100 MeV) is ∼ 17, 26 and 40 per cent in the three samples respectively. Except for the Slew survey sample, γ-ray detected sources do not differ either from other sources in each sample, or from all the γ-ray detected sources, in terms of the distributions of redshift, radio and X-ray luminosities or of the broad-band spectral indices (radio to optical and radio to X-ray). We compute average spectral energy distributions (SEDs) from radio to γ-rays for each complete sample and for groups of blazars binned according to radio luminosity, irrespective of the original classification as BL Lac or FSRQ. The resulting SEDs show a remarkable continuity in that (i) the first peak occurs in different frequency ranges for different samples/luminosity classes, with most luminous sources peaking at lower frequencies; (ii) the peak frequency of the γ-ray component correlates with the peak frequency of the lower energy one; (iii) the luminosity ratio between the high and low frequency components increases with bolometric luminosity. The continuity of properties among different classes of sources and the systematic trends of the SEDs as a function of luminosity favour a unified view of the blazar phenomenon: a single parameter, related to luminosity, seems to govern the physical properties and radiation mechanisms in the relativistic jets present in BL Lac objects as well as in FSRQs. The general implications of this unified scheme are discussed while a detailed theoretical analysis, based on fitting continuum models to the individual spectra of most γ-ray blazars, is presented in a separate paper.