Phase structure of discrete Abelian spin and gauge systems

TLDR

The authors deduce the intermediate massless phase from self‑duality and correlation inequalities in O(2) models, analyze the spin transition with a Kosterlitz‑type renormalization‑group yielding an essential singularity, and confirm the phase structure via a ninth‑order strong‑coupling expansion of the Z_p spin system. The study finds a massless phase between ordered and disordered regimes in two‑dimensional Z_p spin systems and a QED‑like phase in four‑dimensional Z_p gauge theory, with Padé analysis confirming the phase diagram: for p≤4 two conventional phases, for p=3 critical exponents match experiment, and for p≥5 three phases with essential singularities.

Abstract

It is shown that in a two-dimensional ${Z}_{p}$ spin system for $p$ not too small there exists a massless phase in the middle between the ordered and disordered Ising-type phases. A similar thing happens in a four-dimensional ${Z}_{p}$ gauge theory, where a massless QED-like phase appears between the screened and the confined phases. The existence of the middle phase is deduced logically from the existence of such a phase in the continuous O(2)-invariant models using self-duality and correlation inequalities. For the spin case the transition towards this phase is analyzed using a Kosterlitz type of renormalization group suggesting an essential singularity of the correlation length at both transition points. A Hamiltonian strong-coupling expansion up to ninth order is applied to the ${Z}_{p}$ spin system. The results of the Pad\'e analysis of this expansion are consistent with the phase structure described above. For $p\ensuremath{\le}4$ the analysis suggests two phases with a conventional singularity behavior at the transition. In the nontrivial case of $p=3$, critical exponents are calculated and found to give good agreement with experiment. For $p\ensuremath{\ge}5$ the analysis favors three phases with an essential singularity at the transition.