Dynamic mapping of human cortical development during childhood through early adulthood

TLDR

Direct comparison with normal cortical development may aid understanding of neurodevelopmental disorders such as childhood‑onset schizophrenia or autism. We report the dynamic anatomical sequence of human cortical gray matter development between ages 4–21 years using quantitative four‑dimensional maps and time‑lapse sequences. Thirteen healthy children underwent serial brain MRI every two years over 8–10 years, and cortical surface and sulcal landmark models combined with a statistical gray‑matter density model were used to generate spatiotemporally detailed time‑lapse visualizations. The time‑lapse movies show that higher‑order association cortices mature only after lower‑order somatosensory and visual cortices, and that phylogenetically older brain areas mature earlier than newer ones.

Abstract

We report the dynamic anatomical sequence of human cortical gray matter development between the age of 4–21 years using quantitative four-dimensional maps and time-lapse sequences. Thirteen healthy children for whom anatomic brain MRI scans were obtained every 2 years, for 8–10 years, were studied. By using models of the cortical surface and sulcal landmarks and a statistical model for gray matter density, human cortical development could be visualized across the age range in a spatiotemporally detailed time-lapse sequence. The resulting time-lapse “movies” reveal that ( i ) higher-order association cortices mature only after lower-order somatosensory and visual cortices, the functions of which they integrate, are developed, and ( ii ) phylogenetically older brain areas mature earlier than newer ones. Direct comparison with normal cortical development may help understanding of some neurodevelopmental disorders such as childhood-onset schizophrenia or autism.