The Journals of Gerontology Series B · 1998 · 101 citations · 23 references
MedicineGeriatric MedicinePsychiatryGeriatric AssessmentGeriatricsGerontologyAge DifferencesCognitive AgingCognitive AssessmentCognitive ImpairmentComprehensive Geriatric AssessmentMental Status AssessmentAge-related Cognitive Decline AssessmentCognitive Impairment AssociationsCognitive Impairment EvaluationCommunity-based Data CollectionElderly PopulationGeriatric Cognitive AssessmentMental State ExaminationOlder Residents
We investigated community-based data of the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) scores of elderly residents along with the effects of age and educational level. MMSE was planned for all residents over 65 years of age in a town in northern Japan. The number of elders who took the MMSE was 2,266 (90%). The score significantly declined with age and lower educational level, although no effect of sex was apparent. For the MMSE subitems, all the values except for that of naming showed effects of both age and educational level. Those screened by MMSE who fell in the range of cognitive impairment (< 24) accounted for 21.8% and those with severe cognitive impairment (< 18) constituted 6.0%. Despite the differences in language and culture, the mean scores are remarkably similar between Japan and other countries. This is the first normative, community-based study of MMSE among elderly adults in Japan.
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Marshal F. Folstein, Susan E. Folstein, Paul R. McHugh · Journal of Psychiatric Research · 1975 · 86.9K citations
The Meaning of Cognitive Impairment in the Elderly
Marshal F. Folstein, James C. Anthony, Irma M. Parhad et al. · Journal of the American Geriatrics Society · 1985 · 586 citations