Signaling Pathways for Tumor Necrosis Factor-α and Interleukin-6 Expression in Human Macrophages Exposed to Titanium-Alloy Particulate Debris in Vitro*

Abstract

These data suggest that particle induced macrophage release of TNF-alpha and IL-6 does not require phagocytosis but is dependent on tyrosine and serine/threonine kinase activity culminating in activation of