Vertical transport of tropospheric aerosols as indicated by ⁷Be and ²¹⁰Pb in a chemical tracer model

Abstract

We use the natural radionuclides 7 Be and 210 Pb as aerosol tracers in a three‐dimensional chemical tracer model (based on the Goddard Institute for Space Studies general circulation model (GCM) 2) in order to study aerosol transport and removal in the troposphere. Beryllium 7, produced in the upper troposphere and stratosphere by cosmic rays, and 210 Pb, a decay product of soil‐derived 222 Rn, are tracers of upper and lower tropospheric aerosols, respectively. Their source regions make them particularly suitable for the study of vertical transport processes. Both tracers are removed from the troposphere primarily by precipitation and are useful for testing scavenging parameterizations. In particular, model convection must properly transport and scavenge both ascending 210 Pb and descending 7 Be. The ratio 7 Be/ 210 Pb cancels most model errors associated with precipitation and serves as an indicator of vertical transport. We show that over land the annual average 7 Be/ 210 Pb ratio for surface concentrations and deposition fluxes vary little globally. In contrast, the seasonal variability of the 7 Be/ 210 Pb concentration ratio over continents is quite large; the ratio peaks in summer when convective activity is maximum. The model overestimates 7 Be in the tropics, a problem which we relate to flaws in the GCM parameterization of wet convection (excessive convective mass fluxes and no allowance for entrainment). The residence time of tropospheric 7 Be calculated by the model is 23 days, in contrast with a value of about 9 days calculated for 210 Pb, reflecting the high‐altitude versus low‐altitude source regions of these two tracers.