The LHC beam loss measurement system

Abstract

An unprecedented amount of energy will be stored in the circulating beams of LHC. The loss of even a very small fraction of a beam may induce a quench in the su- perconducting magnets or cause physical damage to machine components. A fast (one turn) loss of 3 . 10 <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">-9</sup> and a constant loss of 3 . 10 <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">-12</sup> times the nominal beam intensity can quench a dipole magnet. A fast loss of 3 . 10 <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">-6</sup> times nominal beam intensity can damage a magnet. The stored energy in the LHC beam is a factor of 200 (or more) higher than in existing hadron machines with superconducting magnets (HERA, TEVATRON, RHIC), while the quench levels of the LHC magnets are a factor of about 5 to 20 lower than the quench levels of these machines. To comply with these requirements the detectors, ionisation chambers and secondary emission monitors are designed very reliable with a large operational range. Several stages of the acquisition chain are doubled and frequent functionality tests are automatically executed. The failure probabilities of single components were identified and optimised. First measurements show the large dynamic range of the system.