Intracranial 4D Flow MRI: Toward Individualized Assessment of Arteriovenous Malformation Hemodynamics and Treatment-Induced Changes

Abstract

Spetzler-Martin grade does not reflect differences in 3D AVM arterial and venous hemodynamics, and an individual assessment of AVM hemodynamics may be needed for improved lesion characterization. Four-dimensional flow MR imaging may have the potential to monitor and guide embolization treatment planning.