A Design Methodology for Miniaturized 3-dB Branch-Line Hybrid Couplers Using Distributed Capacitors Printed in the Inner Area

Abstract

This paper proposes a methodology to design and optimize the footprint of miniaturized 3-dB branch-line hybrid couplers, which consists of high-impedance transmission lines and distributed capacitors. To minimize the physical size of the coupler, the distributed capacitors are placed within the empty space of the hybrid. The proposed design methodology calls for the joint optimization of the length of the reduced high-impedance transmission lines and the area of the distributed capacitors. A prototype at <i xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">S</i> -band was designed and built to validate the approach. It showed a size reduction by 62% compared with the conventional 3-dB branch-line hybrid coupler while providing similar performance and bandwidth.