Psychological Review · 1996 · 325 citations · 94 references
HumanitiesPsychologySocial PsychologyLgbtq StudiesQueer TheorySexuality TheoryGender IdentitySexual Identity FormationSexual NormsSexual OrientationSexual ScriptsSexual Orientation Stereotyping
Biological factors such as genes, prenatal hormones, and brain neuroanatomy influence childhood temperament, which in turn shapes preferences for sex‑typical or sex‑atypical activities and peers, rather than directly coding for sexual orientation. The paper proposes a developmental theory that explains both opposite‑sex and same‑sex erotic and romantic attraction in men and women. The theory posits that temperament‑driven preferences cause children to view peers of the same or opposite sex as dissimilar, unfamiliar, and exotic, and that specific mechanisms transform this perception into erotic arousal. This process generates heightened nonspecific autonomic arousal that becomes eroticized toward the perceived exotic peers, and the theory reconciles biological essentialist evidence with social constructionist perspectives.
A developmental theory of erotic/romantic attraction is presented that provides the same basic account for opposite-sex and same-sex desire in both men and women. It proposes that biological variables, such as genes, prenatal hormones, and brain neuroanatomy, do not code for sexual orientation per se but for childhood temperaments that influence a child's preferences for sex-typical or sex-atypical activities and peers. These preferences lead children to feel different from oppositeor same-sex peers--to perceive them as dissimilar, unfamiliar, and exotic. This, in turn, produces heightened nonspecific autonomic arousal that subsequently gets eroticized to that same class of dissimilar peers: Exotic becomes erotic. Specific mechanisms for effeeting this transformation are proposed. The theory claims to accommodate both the empirical evidence of the biological essentialists and the cultural relativism of the social constructionists.
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Sociobiology: The New Synthesis.
Gerhard Lenski, Edward O. Wilson · Social Forces · 1976 · 6.3K citations
Sexual Behavior in the Human Male
Alfred C. Kinsey, Clyde E. Martin · Physical Therapy · 1948 · 5.2K citations · Full text