The use of dye in ophthalmology

Abstract

Dyes are used in current ophthalmological practice, both as diagnostic and therapeutic aids. Commonly used dyes include sodium fluorescein, indocyanine green, rose bengal and methylene blue. The properties of these agents are outlined, along with indications for their use. The article concentrates mainly on intravenous sodium fluorescein and fundus fluorescein angiography, although topical and intracameral use of other dyes is highlighted. Ocular tissue responses are discussed, in particular those of the retinal vasculature and choroidal circulation. The normal blood-retinal barriers and pathology of abnormal angiography findings is presented. Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of intravenous dye are discussed, along with potential systemic complications.