Skin Tumors Induced by Sorafenib; Paradoxic RAS–RAF Pathway Activation and Oncogenic Mutations of <i>HRAS</i> , <i>TP53</i> , and <i>TGFBR1</i>

Abstract

Sorafenib induces keratinocyte proliferation in vivo and a time- and dose-dependent activation of the MAP kinase pathway in vitro. It is associated with a spectrum of lesions ranging from benign follicular cystic lesions to KA-like SCC. Additional and potentially preexisting somatic genetic events, like UV-induced mutations, might influence the evolution of benign lesions to more proliferative and malignant tumors.