Observation and simulation of lake‐air heat and water transfer processes in a high‐altitude shallow lake on the Tibetan Plateau

Abstract

Abstract Lakes are an important part of the landscape on the Tibetan Plateau. Most of the Plateau lakes' area has been expanding in recent years, but lake‐atmosphere energy and water interaction is poorly understood because of a lack of observational data and adequate modeling systems. Based on the eddy covariance observation over a high‐altitude shallow and small lake (the small Nam Co Lake) during an ice‐free period from 10 April to 30 August 2012, this study analyzes the lake‐air heat and water vapor turbulent transfer processes and evaluates two popular lake‐air exchange models: a bulk aerodynamic transfer model (B model) and a multilayer model (M model). Our main results are as follows: (1) observations show that the bulk transfer coefficient ( C E ) and roughness length ( z oq ) for water are higher than those for heat ( C H and z 0 h ), especially under low wind speed; (2) both models underestimate turbulent fluxes due to inaccurate values of the Charnock coefficient ( α ) and the roughness Reynolds number ( R r ) which are both important parameters for calculating the roughness length for momentum ( z 0 m ) over water; (3) α within a reasonable range of 0.013–0.035 for rough flow and R r for smooth flow ( R r = 0.11) are 0.031 and 0.54, respectively, by our observation. The wave pattern of shorter wavelength gives a larger z 0 m in the small and shallow lake; and (4) the B model and the M model gave consistent results, and both models are more suitable for simulation of turbulent flux exchange after z 0 m optimization.