The Novel Biomarker Growth Differentiation Factor 15 in Heart Failure with Normal Ejection Fraction

Abstract

Growth differentiation factor 15 is elevated in HFnEF to a similar degree as in HFrEF. It is independently associated with impairment in exercise capacity and in physical components of quality of life. Diagnostic precision of GDF-15 is at least as good as that of NT-proBNP and combining both markers improves diagnostic accuracy.