Porcine Circovirus Type 2–Associated Disease: Update on Current Terminology, Clinical Manifestations, Pathogenesis, Diagnosis, and Intervention Strategies

TLDR

Porcine circovirus type 2–associated disease remains a key differential diagnosis on pig farms worldwide, with diverse manifestations ranging from systemic to respiratory, enteric, dermatologic, nephropathic, and reproductive forms, and can occur sporadically or as a severe herd problem exacerbated by co‑infections, underscoring the importance of accurate diagnosis. The article aims to review the common manifestations, pathogenesis, diagnostics, and intervention strategies for PCVAD in North America. The review synthesizes current understanding of PCVAD pathogenesis, diagnostic approaches, and intervention strategies. Trend analyses show that PCVAD incidence is increasing in the United States.

Abstract

Porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2)–associated disease (PCVAD) continues to be an important differential diagnosis on pig farms in the United States and worldwide. Case trend analyses indicate that the incidence of PCVAD is on the rise in the United States. Accurate diagnosis is important in order to implement appropriate intervention strategies. PCVAD can manifest as a systemic disease, as part of the respiratory disease complex, as an enteric disease, as porcine dermatitis and nephropathy syndrome, or as reproductive problems. PCVAD may be only a sporadic individual animal diagnosis; however, PCVAD may also manifest as a severe herd problem accelerated and enhanced by concurrent virus or bacterial infections. This article is intended to discuss the most common disease manifestations, pathogenesis, diagnostic approaches, and intervention strategies associated with PCVAD in North America.