Comparative acute toxicity of neonicotinoid and pyrethroid insecticides to non‐target crayfish <i>(Procambarus clarkii)</i> associated with rice–crayfish crop rotations

Abstract

Neonicotinoid insecticides appear to be much less hazardous alternatives to pyrethroids in rice-crayfish crop rotations. Further field-level neonicotinoid acute and chronic toxicity testing with crayfish is needed.