2007 · 550 citations · 17 references
ComputingComputer ScienceComputational LinguisticsCorpus-based Translation StudiesNatural Language ProcessingCorpus CompilationLanguage ModelingLanguage ModelsMachine TranslationN-gram AnalysisBackoff StrategiesCorpus Compilation For TranslationLanguage Model PretrainingLarge Language ModelsN-gram RepresentationN-gram StatisticsN-grams In TranslationWord N-grams
This paper reports on the benefits of largescale statistical language modeling in machine translation. A distributed infrastructure is proposed which we use to train on up to 2 trillion tokens, resulting in language models having up to 300 billion n-grams. It is capable of providing smoothed probabilities for fast, single-pass decoding. We introduce a new smoothing method, dubbed Stupid Backoff, that is inexpensive to train on large data sets and approaches the quality of Kneser-Ney Smoothing as the amount of training data increases. 1
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Kishore Papineni, Salim Roukos, Todd J. Ward et al. · 2001 · 21.5K citations · Full text
Sanjay Ghemawat · Communications of the ACM · 2008 · 18.5K citations · Full text