Calcium Orthophosphates in Nature, Biology and Medicine

TLDR

Calcium orthophosphates are the inorganic component of major normal and pathological calcified tissues in mammals, and their chemical similarity to biological tissues confers notable biocompatibility and bioactivity. This review seeks to highlight the significance of calcium orthophosphates and summarize current knowledge on their applications. Materials scientists leverage their biocompatibility to produce artificial bone grafts, surface‑coated implants, self‑setting hydraulic cements, titanium substitutes, and porous scaffolds for tissue engineering.

Abstract

The present overview is intended to point the readers’ attention to the important subject of calcium orthophosphates. These materials are of the special significance because they represent the inorganic part of major normal (bones, teeth and dear antlers) and pathological (i.e. those appearing due to various diseases) calcified tissues of mammals. Due to a great chemical similarity with the biological calcified tissues, many calcium orthophosphates possess remarkable biocompatibility and bioactivity. Materials scientists use this property extensively to construct artificial bone grafts that are either entirely made of or only surface-coated with the biologically relevant calcium orthophosphates. For example, self-setting hydraulic cements made of calcium orthophosphates are helpful in bone repair, while titanium substitutes covered by a surface layer of calcium orthophosphates are used for hip joint endoprostheses and as tooth substitutes. Porous scaffolds made of calcium orthophosphates are very promising tools for tissue engineering applications. In addition, technical grade calcium orthophosphates are very popular mineral fertilizers. Thus ere calcium orthophosphates are of great significance for humankind and, in this paper, an overview on the current knowledge on this subject is provided.