Another View on Bt Proteins - How Specific are They and What Else Might They Do?

Abstract

ABSTRACT The entomopathogenic bacterium Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) and its toxins are extensively used for pest control purposes in agriculture, forestry and public health programmes since the 1930. In addition to spray formulations, transgenic plants containing Bt genes for the expression of the toxins (Bt plants) are commercially available since the mid 1990s and are grown on an increasing percentage of the global agricultural area. A main reason for the importance of Bt as a pesticide is the assumed environmental safety concluded from the high specificity of its endotoxins (Cry proteins) towards a limited number of target organisms, mostly distinct groups of pest insects. While the mode of action of the Cry toxins in these susceptible target insects is well studied, Bt experts claim that several details are still not understood well enough. Although there is considerable experience with the application and the environmental safety of Bt sprays, a number of research papers were published in the past that did report adverse effects on non-target organisms. These and the widespread use of transgenic Bt plants stimulated us to review the published laboratory feeding studies on effects of Bt toxins and transgenic Bt plants on non-target invertebrates. We describe those reports that documented adverse effects in non-target organisms in more detail and focus on one prominent example, the green