The Roots of the Ulama's Power in Modern Iran

Abstract

why, perhaps uniquely in world history, was the power of the leaders of the official, traditional religion, exercised in favor of a popular, modernizing constitutional revolution from 1905 to 1911? Having dealt elsewhere with the second question, (1) I will concentrate here mainly on the related question of the ulama's power, especially in the period before the constitutional revolution-the more recent period having recently been