Journal of Risk & Insurance · 2010 · 26 citations · 11 references
BusinessInsuranceRisk ManagementActuarial ScienceInsurance EconomicsInsurance FinanceAnnuity ValuationInsurance CompaniesInsurance ContractsInsurance PricingPremium CalculationPremium DeterminationActuarial Pricing ModelsArbitrage-free PricingEquity-linked SecuritiesFair Value HedgingIndexed AnnuitiesInsurance Contract TheoryParticipation Rate AnalysisParticipation Rate Modeling
In this article, we introduce a premium principle for equity-indexed annuities (EIAs). Traditional actuarial loadings that protect insurance companies against risks cannot be extended to the valuation of EIAs since these products are embedded with various financial guarantees. We proposed a loaded premium that protects the issuers against the financial and mortality risks. We first obtain the fair premium based on a fair value of the equity-linked contract using arbitrage-free theory. Assuming a specific risk level for hedging errors, we obtain a new participation rate based on a security loading. A detailed numerical analysis is performed for a point-to-point EIA.
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The Pricing of Options and Corporate Liabilities
Fischer Black, Myron S. Scholes · Journal of Political Economy · 1973 · 29.4K citations
Louis M. Friedler, Newton L. Bowers, Hans U. Gerber et al. · American Mathematical Monthly · 1986 · 633 citations