Comparative Studies in Society and History · 1959 · 33 citations · 42 references
Social SciencesDemographyHistoryFertilityHistorical DemographyPopulation StudiesBirth RatesDemographic ChangeDemographic HistoryFertility DeclinePopulation ChangePopulation HistoryAge-specific Vital RatesDeath Rate AnalysisDeath RatesFertility Rate DeclineHistorical Fertility RatesHistorical Mortality DeclinePopulation TransitionPopulation Vital Rates
Current population theory depends heavily on the hypothesis that a demographic revolution occurred in West European countries roughly between 1750 and 1880. According to this hypothesis, European death rates averaged at least 35 per 1,000 prior to 1750; hence, even very high birth rates did not enable populations to recover rapidly from the effects of catastrophes, which are supposed to have been frequent and intense. Only after the advances, mainly hygienic, which began about 1750 did the death rate commence a long-term decline. Because fertility remained high, West European populations grew more rapidly than they had ever done. Eventually, urbanization and industrialization sapped the forces which maintainted high birth rates, and low fertility became the major cause of low Western rates of growth.Since currently under-developed populations have high vital rates, it has been suggested that demographic principles are transcultural and that Western demographic patterns will be repeated.
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